Īll procedures involving patients with Bca were performed according to the ethical standards of the Institutional Research Board, Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT (IRB# 090101). Furthermore, ERβ localizes in different cellular compartments and is susceptible to different posttranscriptional modifications (PTM). ERβ has different variant forms that interact with multiple protein partners, as well as ligands, and heterodimerize with ERα, thereby creating a highly complex labyrinth of functions. ![]() Thus, the relative levels of ERα and ERβ in breast cancer (BCa) are likely to affect cell proliferation, signaling pathways, and their response to ER ligands. ERα and ERβ can form heterodimers when coexpressed, ERβ acts as a transdominant inhibitor of ERα transcriptional activity. However, they also have distinct differences in genotype, tissue distribution, and binding to pharmacological agents they share only moderate homology in the ligand-binding region, and they have markedly distinct NH 2-terminal activation function-1 (AP-1) regions. ERα and ERβ are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors and share some structural similarities, including a high degree of homology (96%) in their DNA-binding regions. There are two estrogen receptor (ER) genes (ESR1/ERα and ESR2/ERβ). Our study supports the notion that ERβ isoforms and coactivators seemingly coregulate the proliferation and progression of BCa and may provide insight into the potential therapeutic uses of the coactivators in BCa. ![]() The coexpression of the ERβ5 and/or ERβ1 isoforms and the coactivators were found to be correlated with a high expression of P53, Ki-67, and Her2/neu and large-sized and/or high-grade tumors in BCa. AIB-1, TIF-2, NF-kB, p-c-Jun, and/or cyclin D1 were differentially correlated with ERβ isoform expression in the BCa subtypes and subgroups. ERβ isoforms, coactivators, and prognostic markers were tested using standard immunohistochemistry. We aimed to identify the specific coactivators that are involved in the progression of ERβ-expressing BCa. ERβ, an ER subtype first identified in 1996, is associated with poor outcomes in breast cancer (BCa) subtypes, and the coexpression of the ERβ1 isoform and AIB-1 and TIF-2 coactivators in BCa-associated myofibroblasts is associated with high-grade BCa. ![]() Nuclear receptor coregulators are the principal regulators of Estrogen Receptor (ER)-mediated transcription.
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